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| Family Process Heft 2/2002 |
| 1/2002 - 2/2002 - 3/2002 - 4/2002 - Überblick Pinsof, William M. (2002): Introduction to the Special Issue on Marriage in the 20th Century in Western Civilization: Trends, Research, Therapy, and Perspectives. In: Family Process 41(2), S. 133-134 Pinsof, William M. (2002): The Death of "Till Death Us Do Part": The Transformation of Pair-Bonding in the 20th Century. In: Family Process 41(2), S. 135-157 abstract: During the last half of the 20th century within Western civilization, for the first time in human history, divorce replaced death as the most common endpoint of marriage. In this article I explore the history of this death-to-divorce transition, the forces associated with the transition, and what the transition may have revealed about the human capacity for monogamous, lifelong pair-bonding. The impact and consequences of the transition for the generations that came of age during it and immediately afterwards are examined, with particular attention to the emergence of new, alternative pair-bonding structures such as cohabitation and nonmarital co-parenting. The article highlights the inability of the dichotomous marriage-versus-being-single paradigm to encompass the new pair-bonding structures and the normalizing of divorce. Precepts for a new, more encompassing, veridical and humane pair-bonding paradigm are presented, and some of their implications for social policy, family law, social science, and couple and family therapy are elaborated. Gottman, John M. & Clifford I. Notarius (2002): Marital Research in the 20th Century and a Research Agenda for the 21st Century. In: Family Process 41(2), S. 159-197 abstract: In this article we review the advances made in the 20th century in studying marriages. Progress moved from a self-report, personality-based approach to the study of interaction in the 1950s, following the advent of general systems theory. This shift led, beginning in the 1970s, to the rapid development of marital research using a multimethod approach. The development of more sophisticated observational measures in the 1970s followed theorizing about family process that was begun in the decade of the 1950s. New techniques for observation, particularly the study of affect and the merging of synchronized data streams using observational and self-report perceptual data, and the use of sequential and time-series analyses produced new understandings of process and power. Research in the decades of the 1980s and 1990s witnessed the realization of many secular changes in the American family, including the changing role of women, social science's discovery of violence and incest in the family, the beginning of the study of cultural variation in marriages, the expansion of the measurement of marital outcomes to include longevity, health, and physiology (including the immune system), and the study of co-morbidities that accompany marital distress. A research agenda for the 21st century is then described. Gurman, Alan S. & Peter Fraenkel (2002): The History of Couple Therapy: A Millennial Review. In: Family Process 41(2), S. 199-260 abstract: In this article, we review the major conceptual and clinical influences and trends in the history of couple therapy to date, and also chronicle the history of research on couple therapy. The evolving patterns in theory and practice are reviewed as having progressed through four distinctive phases: Phase I-Atheoretical Marriage Counseling Formation (1930-1963); Phase II-Psychoanalytic Experimentation (1931-1966); Phase III-Family Therapy Incorporation (1963-1985); and Phase IV-Refinement, Extension, Diversification, and Integration (1986-present). The history of research in the field is described as having passed through three phases: Phase I-A Technique in Search of Some Data (1930-1974), Phase II-Irrational(?) Exuberance (1975-1992), and Phase III-Caution and Extension (1993-present). The article concludes with the identification of Four Great Historical Ironies in the History of Couple Therapy. Rampage, Cheryl (2002): Marriage in the 20th Century: A Feminist Perspective. In: Family Process 41(2), S. 261-268 abstract: A defining feature of the 20th century in Western civilization was a profound change in the roles women play in both private and public life. The field of couple therapy was influenced by that change and, to a limited extent, participated in it. I will argue that the field has avoided fully embracing the principles of feminism that generated the social changes in gender and marital roles, settling instead for a more token acknowledgment that gender means something, without wanting to specify what that something is. In responding to the other articles in this issue, I make the case that the connection between gender and power in marriage needs to be more fully integrated, in the theory, research, and treatment of couples. Pinderhughes, Elaine B. (2002): African American Marriage in the 20th Century. In: Family Process 41(2), S. 269-282 abstract: It is not possible to understand African American marriages fully without attention to the social, economic, racial, and historical factors that have stressed male-female relationships beyond those stresses experienced by majority couples. I propose that the societal projection process (Bowen, 1978) has entrapped African Americans in ways that have continually and severely strained their marital and couple relationships. These experiences, and the ways in which African Americans have responded to them, have created a vulnerability that is compounded by societal shifts and changes, and is manifest in the precipitous decline of marriages at a rate higher than that found in all other racial groups in the U.S. I will examine the state of African American marriages in this cultural context, with specific attention to the effects of the unequal sex ratio, socioeconomic conditions, and overstressed male-female relationships. I will then discuss implications and offer suggestions for therapists who work with this population. |
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