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| Family Process Heft 4/2001 |
| 1/2001 - 2/2001 - 3/2001 - 4/2001 - Überblick Wachtel, Ellen F. (2001): The Language of Becoming: Helping Children Change How They Think about Themselves. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 369-384. abstract: In this article, I describe the language of becoming, which is a way of speaking to children that enables them to see themselves as continually evolving and changing. By noticing and reflecting back the specific ways the child is becoming, the parent gives a meta-message that one's personality is not set in stone but, rather, evolves and changes over time. In order for parents to use the language of becoming, the child must actually act differently. I will describe a three-pronged approach to helping children try new behaviors. The language of becoming helps parents and children see the child's personality, not just his or her behavior, as fluid rather then static. This helps parents and children break the vicious circles and self-fulfilling prophesies of rigid definitions of self. An understanding of stages of cognitive development in the construction of beliefs about the self and the implications of these stages for using the language of becoming is also discussed. Pulleyblank Coffey, Ellen, Mary E. Olson & Phebe Sessions (2001): The Heart of the Matter: An Essay about the Effects of Managed Care on Family Therapy with Children. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 385-399. abstract: This essay is based on a pilot study that examined the effects of managed care on the treatment of children and families, with special attention to community mental health. We embarked on the pilot study to test the accuracy and generalizability of our impression that family therapy and other systemic practices have been marginalized in ordinary clinics and agencies, and to understand the reasons why. We interviewed managed care providers, researchers, family therapy trainers, and clinicians in the Northeast. Our findings led to seven themes that support our impression that, even though there is a consensus about the need for coordinated family-based services, there is a disconnection between state policies, contractual requirements and what is actually occurring at the implementation level. This study suggests that our knowledge of human systems may be in danger of being disqualified and lost, with damaging consequences for the care of children. Yet, as systemic thinkers and practitioners, it is our belief that ethical and effective treatment need not be at odds with care that is cost-efficient. The direction of our future research will be to study whether the involvement of all stakeholders at all levels of planning and training leads to systemic family-based practices that consistently save costs and provide high-quality care. Linares, Juan Luis (2001): Does History End with Postmodernism? Toward an Ultramodern Family Therapy. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 401-412. abstract: Although the end of history has often been announced, human thought continues to renew itself, always incorporating, in each of its stages, important aspects of what has come before. In this sense, neither family therapy in general, nor its more particular postmodern orientations, have led to a radical break with the past. Neither can they claim to have reached a comfortable, definitive position. The subjectivist turn that introduced postmodernism into the systemic model has enriched it with important theoretical and practical elements, such as the critique of a therapist's supposed objectivity, circular and reflexive questioning, or the technique of externalization. This article proposes to take the renewal of systemic family therapy farther by addressing still unresolved issues, such as the role of the individual in relational systems, the place of emotions, or the construction of a relational psychopathology. The term "ultramodern family therapy" is proposed until such time as there is agreement upon a better one. Becker, Dana & Howard A. Liddle (2001): Family Therapy with Unmarried African American Mothers and Their Adolescents. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 413-427. abstract: Almost two-thirds of African American births are to unmarried mothers, and these single parents are among the most economically vulnerable in the United States. The effects of chronic stressors such as poverty can compromise the ability of these mothers to parent effectively, particularly during the developmental period of adolescence, typically a stressful phase of parenting. This article describes a multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) approach to working with African American adolescents who have drug and/or behavior problems. It is maintained that addressing the intrapersonal functioning of African American single mothers is vital if they are to re-establish the attachment bonds necessary for the maintenance of essential parental influence in the lives of their adolescents. Through systematic attention to the parent as an individual, leading to a balance between self-care and care for others, parental supervision is more easily achieved and relational impasses between parent and adolescent more equitably resolved. Lawson, David M. & Daniel F. Brossart (2001): Intergenerational Transmission: Individuation and Intimacy Across Three Generations. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 429-442. abstract: This study examined the transmission of intergenerational family processes across three generations, employing Williamson's construct of Personal Authority in the Family System (PAFS) as a theoretical backdrop. From a PAFS perspective, psychological health is viewed as directly related to the degree of individuation and intimacy (PAFS) experienced within the family of origin. Overall, the results provided a degree of support for the intergenerational transmission hypothesis. The strongest predictor of the transmission process was from the participant/parent relationship to the participant/spouse relationship (spousal fusion/individuation). Separate male and female analyses of the Spousal Fusion/Individuation model found a moderate effect for females and a large effect for males. A small effect was found in predicting nuclear family triangulation from parent and spouse variables, although there was no gender effect. The findings suggest that degree of individuation and its related constructs are more critical in the transmission process than is intimacy. Gehart, Diane R. & Randall R. Lyle (2001): Client Experience of Gender in Therapeutic Relationships: An Interpretive Ethnography. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 443-458. abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore clients' experiences of gender in therapeutic relationships in order to inform therapists of critical issues from clients' perspectives. To capture clients' views, the researchers chose an interpretive ethnographic design that used unstructured, collaborative interviews with clients who had worked with both female and male therapists. The interviews were analyzed using procedures developed by Kvale (1996), who emphasizes the importance of including the client's voice in data gathering, analysis, and final presentation. The results were reviewed with the clients to insure accurate presentation of their views. The final results were organized into six themes: client-therapist connection, male therapists, female therapists, topics discussed, effectiveness, and confounding factors. Researchers discuss the implications of gender-stereotyped behavior in therapy, the relationship between therapist gender and therapeutic alliance, and recommendations for practicing gender-sensitive therapy. Rivett, Mark & Eddy Street (2001): Connections and Themes of Spirituality in Family Therapy. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 459-467. abstract: In this article, we provide an overview of current considerations of spirituality in family therapy literature and practice. We suggest that whatever practice of therapy is undertaken, implicity or explicitly it will reflect views on the connection between spirituality and family therapy-connections involving clients' and therapists' beliefs. A thematic framework based on dimensions of the instrumental and metaphysical is outlined. Clinical approaches and practices within these connections are discussed. Allen-Eckert, Hilary, Elizabeth Fong, Michael P. Nichols, Neill Watson & Howard A. Liddle (2001): Development of the Family Therapy Enactment Rating Scale. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 469-478. abstract: This report describes the development of a new scale designed to establish how therapists intervene and clients respond during effective enactments in family therapy sessions. The Family Therapy Enactment Rating Scale (FTERS) was developed by clinically trained investigators who observed 27 videotaped family therapy sessions and listed therapist interventions and client responses during four phases of enactments: pre-enactment preparation, initiation, facilitation, and closing commentary. Interrater reliabilities for the FTERS were calculated by training 6 undergraduate volunteers to rate independently a sample of 12 enactments. When reliabilities were found to be relatively low, a second study was conducted in which the FTERS was revised and reliabilities were calculated with a different sample of 21 videotaped enactments and a new group of 6 undergraduate raters. Reliability for the FTERS was found to be sufficiently robust to make this measure of therapist interventions and client responses a useful instrument for evaluating what takes place during enactments. Findings on the FTERS were used to offer tentative guidelines for effective initiation and facilitation of enactments in family therapy sessions. Westerman, Michael A. & Melinda Massoff (2001): Triadic Coordination: An Observational Method for Examining Whether Children Are "Caught in the Middle" of Interparental Discord. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 479-493. abstract: Triadic coordination refers to how a parent coordinates his or her contributions with the spouse's bids toward their child. This construct provides a basis for studying specifically triadic family interaction processes. In particular, it offers a new approach for examining whether children are "caught in the middle" of marital discord. We conducted an initial, small-scale study of mother-father-child interactions in a structured task in order to pursue the methodological goal of developing an observational procedure for measuring triadic coordination processes. The results suggest that the approach has considerable promise for making a contribution to future research on marital discord and child functioning. We found that processes of triadic coordination can be assessed reliably. Other findings included an interesting pattern of results, which merits further investigation in future studies, concerning relations between whether and how a parent disagreed with or opposed the spouse's bids toward their child, on the one hand, and other measures of family functioning and measures of child functioning, on the other hand. Greeno, Catherine G. (2001): The Classic Experimental Design. In: Family Process 40(4): S. 495-499 |
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